Friday, December 17, 2021, marked the thirty-fourth birthday of the Perl programming language, and coincidentally this year saw the release of version 5.34. There are plenty of Perl developers out there who haven’t kept up with recent (and not-so-recent) improvements to the language and its ecosystem, so I thought I might list a batch. (You may have seen some of these before in May’s post “Perl can do that now!”)
Perl v5.10 was released in December 2007, and with it came feature, a way of enabling new syntax without breaking backward compatibility. You can enable individual features by name (e.g., use feature qw(say fc); for the say and fc keywords), or by using a feature bundle based on the Perl version that introduced them. For example, the following:
use feature ':5.34';
…gives you the equivalent of:
use feature qw(bareword_filehandles bitwise current_sub evalbytes fc indirect multidimensional postderef_qq say state switch unicode_eval unicode_strings);
Boy, that’s a mouthful. Feature bundles are good. The corresponding bundle also gets implicitly loaded if you specify a minimum required Perl version, e.g., with use v5.32;. If you use v5.12; or higher, strict mode is enabled for free. So just say:
use v5.34;
And lastly, one-liners can use the -E switch instead of -e to enable all features for that version of Perl, so you can say the following on the command line:
perl -E 'say "Hello world!"'
Instead of:
perl -e 'print "Hello world!\n"'
Which is great when you’re trying to save some typing.
Sometimes new Perl features need to be driven a couple of releases around the block before their behavior settles. Those experiments are documented in the perlexperiment page, and usually, you need both a use feature (see above) and no warnings statement to safely enable them. Or you can simply pass a list to use experimental of the features you want, e.g.:
As the relevant Perl::Critic policy says, “Using warnings, and paying attention to what they say, is probably the single most effective way to improve the quality of your code.” If you must violate warnings (perhaps because you’re rehabilitating some legacy code), you can isolate such violations to a small scope and individual categories. Check out the strictures module on CPAN if you’d like to go further and make a safe subset of these categories fatal during development.
Not every new bit of Perl syntax is enabled with a feature guard. For the rest, there’s E. Choroba’s Syntax::Construct module on CPAN. Rather than having to remember which version of Perl introduced what, Syntax::Construct lets you declare only what you use and provides a helpful error message if someone tries to run your code on an older unsupported version. Between it and the feature pragma, you can prevent many head-scratching moments and give your users a chance to either upgrade or workaround.
Make built-in functions throw exceptions with autodie
Many of Perl’s built-in functions only return false on failure, requiring the developer to check every time whether a file can be opened or a system command executed. The lexical autodie pragma replaces them with versions that raise an exception with an object that can be interrogated for further details. No matter how many functions or methods deep a problem occurs, you can choose to catch it and respond appropriately. This leads us to…
Perl v5.12 also helped reduce clutter by enabling a package namespace declaration to also include a version number, instead of requiring a separate our $VERSION = ...; v5.14 further refined packages to be specified in code blocks, so a namespace declaration can be the same as a lexical scope. Putting the two together gives you:
package Local::NewHotness v1.2.3 {
...
}
Instead of:
{
package Local::OldAndBusted;
use version 0.77; our $VERSION = version->declare("v1.2.3");
...
}
I know which I’d rather do. (Though you may want to also use Syntax::Construct qw(package-version package-block); to help along with older installations as described above.)
Speaking of variables, ever want one to keep its old value the next time a scope is entered, like in a sub? Declare it with state instead of my. Before Perl v5.10, you needed to use a closure instead.
Perl v5.10’s bumper crop of enhancements also included the say function, which handles the common use case of printing a string or list of strings with a newline. It’s less noise in your code and saves you four characters. What’s not to love?
The ... ellipsis statement (colloquially “yada-yada”) gives you an easy placeholder for yet-to-be-implemented code. It parses OK but will throw an exception if executed. Hopefully, your test coverage (or at least static analysis) will catch it before your users do.
The each, keys, and values functions have always been able to operate on hashes. Perl v5.12 and above make them work on arrays, too. The latter two are mainly for consistency, but you can use each to iterate over an array’s indices and values at the same time:
push @$array_ref, 1, 2, 3; # noisy
push @{$array_ref}, 1, 2, 3; # a little easier
push $array_ref->@*, 1, 2, 3; # read from left to right
So much of web development is slinging around and picking apart complicated data structures via JSON, so I welcome anything like this to reduce the cognitive load.
Sometimes in older object-oriented Perl code, you’ll see use base as a pragma to establish inheritance from another class. Older still is the direct manipulation of the package’s special @ISA array. In most cases, both should be avoided in favor of use parent, which was added to core in Perl v5.10.1.
$my_object->isa('Local::MyClass')
# or
$my_object isa Local::MyClass
The latter can take either a bareword class name or string expression, but more importantly, it’s safer as it also returns false if the left argument is undefined or isn’t a blessed object reference. The older isa() method will throw an exception in the former case and might return true if called as a class method when $my_object is actually a string of a class name that’s the same as or inherits from isa()’s argument.
I’ve written and presentedextensively about signatures and alternatives over the past year, so I won’t repeat that here. I’ll just add that the Perl 5 Porters development mailing list has been making a concerted effort over the past month to hash out the remaining issues towards rendering this feature non-experimental. The popular Mojolicious real-time web framework also provides a shortcut for enabling signatures and uses them extensively in examples.
Indented here-documents with <<~
Perl has had shell-style “here-document” syntax for embedding multi-line strings of quoted text for a long time. Starting with Perl v5.26, you can precede the delimiting string with a ~ character and Perl will both allow the ending delimiter to be indented as well as strip indentation from the embedded text. This allows for much more readable embedded code such as runs of HTML and SQL. For example:
if ($do_query) {
my $rows_deleted = $dbh->do(<<~'END_SQL', undef, 42);
DELETE FROM table
WHERE status = ?
END_SQL
say "$rows_deleted rows were deleted.";
}
More readable chained comparisons
When I learned math in school, my teachers and textbooks would often describe multiple comparisons and inequalities as a single expression. Unfortunately, when it came time to learn programming every computer language I saw required them to be broken up with a series of and (or &&) operators. With Perl v5.32, this is no more:
if ( $x < $y && $y <= $z ) { ... } # old way
if ( $x < $y <= $z ) { ... } # new way
It’s more concise, less noisy, and more like what regular math looks like.
Self-documenting named regular expression captures
Perl’s expressive regular expression matching and text-processing prowess are legendary, although overuse and poor use of readability enhancements often turn people away from them (and Perl in general). We often use regexps for extracting data from a matched pattern. For example:
if ( /Time: (..):(..):(..)/ ) { # parse out values
say "$1 hours, $2 minutes, $3 seconds";
}
if ( /Time: (?<hours>..):(?<minutes>..):(?<seconds>..)/ ) {
say "$+{hours} hours, $+{minutes} minutes, $+{seconds} seconds";
}
More readable regexp character classes
The /x regular expression modifier already enables better readability by telling the parser to ignore most whitespace, allowing you to break up complicated patterns into spaced-out groups and multiple lines with code comments. With Perl v5.26 you can specify /xx to also ignore spaces and tabs inside [bracketed] character classes, turning this:
s/foo/bar/; # changes the first foo to bar in $_
$baz =~ s/foo/bar/; # the same but in $baz
But what if you want to leave the original untouched, such as when processing an array of strings with a map? With Perl v5.14 and above, add the /r flag, which makes the substitution on a copy and returns the result:
Unicode and character encoding in general are complicated beasts. Perl has handled Unicode since v5.6 and has kept pace with fixes and support for updated standards in the intervening decades. If you need to test if two strings are equal regardless of case, use the fc function introduced in Perl v5.16.
Safer processing of file arguments with <<>>
The <> null filehandle or “diamond operator” is often used in while loops to process input per line coming either from standard input (e.g., piped from another program) or from a list of files on the command line. Unfortunately, it uses a form of Perl’s open function that interprets special characters such as pipes (|) that would allow it to insecurely run external commands. Using the <<>> “double diamond” operator introduced in Perl v5.22 forces open to treat all command-line arguments as file names only. For older Perls, the perlop documentation recommends the ARGV::readonly CPAN module.
Safer loading of Perl libraries and modules from @INC
To bootstrap access to CPAN on the web in the possible absence of external tools like curl or wget, Perl v5.14 began including the HTTP::Tiny module. You can also use it in your programs if you need a simple web client with no dependencies.
Test2: The next generation of Perl testing frameworks
Forked and refactored from the venerable Test::Builder (the basis for the Test::More library that many are familiar with), Test2 was included in the core module library beginning with Perl v5.26. I’ve experimented recently with using the Test2::SuiteCPAN library instead of Test::More and it looks pretty good. I’m also intrigued by Test2::Harness’ support for threading, forking, and preloading modules to reduce test run times.
Task::Kensho: Where to start for recommended Perl modules
This last item may not be included when you install Perl, but it’s where I turn for a collection of well-regarded CPAN modules for accomplishing a wide variety of common tasks spanning from asynchronous programming to XML. Use it as a starting point or interactively select the mix of libraries appropriate to your project.
And there you have it: a selection of 34 features, enhancements, and improvements for the first 34 years of Perl. What’s your favorite? Did I miss anything? Let me know in the comments.
Last week saw the release of Perl 5.34.0 (you can get it here), and with it comes a year’s worth of new features, performance enhancements, bug fixes, and other improvements. It seems like a good time to highlight some of my favorite changes over the past decade and a half, especially for those with more dated knowledge of Perl. You can always click on the headers below for the full releases’ perldelta pages.
This was a big release, coming as it did over five years after the previous major 5.8 release. Not that Perl developers were idle—but it wouldn’t be until version 5.14 that the language would adopt a steady yearly release cadence.
This release also saw many new features added, but if I had to pick one marquee item it would be experimental support for pluggable keywords, which enabled authors to extend the language itself without modifying the core. Previously one would either use plain functions, hacky source filters, or the deprecated Devel::Declare module to simulate this functionality. CPAN authors would go on to create all kinds of new syntax, sometimes prototyping features that would eventually make their way into core.
Another year, another version bump. This time the core enhancements were all over the map (although no enhancements to the map function 😀 ).
May I highlight another documentation change, though? The perlootutObject-Oriented Programming in Perl Tutorialreplaced the old perltoot, perltooc, perlboot, and perlbot pages, providing an introduction to object-oriented design concepts before strongly recommending the use of one of the OO systems from CPAN. Mentioned are Moose, its alternative Mouse, Class::Accessor, Object::Tiny, and Role::Tiny’s usage with the latter two. Later versions of perlootut would recommend Moo rather than Mouse.
Speaking of subroutine signatures, their location moved to between the subroutine name (if any) and the attribute list (if any). Previously they appeared after attributes. The lesson? Remain conscious of experimental features in your code, and be prepared to make changes when upgrading.
Experimental subroutine signature and attribute ordering flipped back to its Perl 5.20 sequence of attributes-then-signature. Bit of a rollercoaster ride on this one. You could do worse than using something like Type::Params until this settles and get a wide variety of type constraints in the bargain.
In 2020 Perl’s development moved to GitHub. And once again, I’m going to highlight readability enhancements: the experimental isa operator could be used to say:
if ( $obj isa Some::Class ) { ... }
instead of
use Scalar::Util 'blessed';
if ( blessed($obj) and $obj->isa('Some::Class') { ... }
You could also chain comparison operators, leading to the more mathematically concise if ( $x < $y <= $z ) {...} rather than if ( $x < $y and $y <= $z ) {...}.
What are some of your favorite Perl improvements over the years? Check out the perlhist document for a detailed chronology and refresher with the various perldelta pages and leave me a comment below.
Pretty soon after I started writing Perl in 1994, I noticed that it lacked a construct often found in other languages: the switch statement. Not to worry, though—you can achieve the same effect with a cascading series of if-elsif statements, right?
Well, no, you shouldn’t do that, especially if the chain is super-long. There’s even a perlcritic policy about it, which suggests that you use given and when instead.
But given and when (and the smartmatch operator they imply, ~~) are still experimental, with behavior subject to change. So, what’s a responsible developer to do?
The answer is to use the for statement as a topicalizer, which is a fancy way of saying it assigns its expression to $_. You can then use things that act on $_ to your heart’s content, like regular expressions. Here’s an example:
for ($foo) {
/^abc/ and do {
...
last;
};
/^def/ and do {
...
last;
};
# FALL THRU
...
}
This will cover a lot of cases (ha-ha, see what I did there? A lot of languages use a case statement… oh, never mind.) And if all you’re doing is exact string matching, there’s no need to bring in regexps. You can use a hash as a lookup table:
my %lookup = (
foo => sub { ... },
bar => sub { ... },
);
$lookup{$match}->();
EDIT: If every alternative is an assignment to the same variable, a ternary table is another possibility. This is a chained set of ternary conditional (? :) operators arranged for readability. I first heard about this technique from Damian Conway’s Perl Best Practices (2005).
# Name format # Salutation
my $salute = $name eq '' ? 'Dear Customer'
: $name =~ /(Mrs?[.]?\s+\S+)/ ? "Dear $1"
: $name =~ /(.*),\s+Ph[.]?D/ ? "Dear Dr. $1"
: "Dear $name"
;
Note that although this is just as inefficient as a cascaded-if/elsif, it’s clearer that it’s a single assignment. It’s also more compact and reads like a table with columns of matches and alternatives.
Any of these patterns are preferable to cascading if/elsifs. And if you want to check the development of given, when, and ~~, see this issue on GitHub. The last comment was eight years ago, though, so I wouldn’t hold my breath.
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Please try again."}},"email_for_login_code":{"placeholder_text":"Your email address","initial":{"instruction_type":"normal","instruction_message":"Enter your email to log in."},"success":{"instruction_type":"success","instruction_message":"Enter your email to log in."},"blank":{"instruction_type":"error","instruction_message":"Enter your email to log in."},"empty":{"instruction_type":"error","instruction_message":"Enter your email to log in."}},"login_code":{"initial":{"instruction_type":"normal","instruction_message":"Check your email and enter the login code."},"success":{"instruction_type":"success","instruction_message":"Check your email and enter the login code."},"blank":{"instruction_type":"error","instruction_message":"Check your email and enter the login code."},"empty":{"instruction_type":"error","instruction_message":"Check your email and enter the login code."}},"stripe_all_in_one":{"initial":{"instruction_type":"normal","instruction_message":"Enter your credit card details here."},"empty":{"instruction_type":"error","instruction_message":"Enter your credit card details here."},"success":{"instruction_type":"normal","instruction_message":"Enter your credit card details here."},"invalid_number":{"instruction_type":"error","instruction_message":"The card number is not a valid credit card number."},"invalid_expiry_month":{"instruction_type":"error","instruction_message":"The card's expiration month is invalid."},"invalid_expiry_year":{"instruction_type":"error","instruction_message":"The card's expiration year is invalid."},"invalid_cvc":{"instruction_type":"error","instruction_message":"The card's security code is invalid."},"incorrect_number":{"instruction_type":"error","instruction_message":"The card number is incorrect."},"incomplete_number":{"instruction_type":"error","instruction_message":"The card number is incomplete."},"incomplete_cvc":{"instruction_type":"error","instruction_message":"The card's security code is incomplete."},"incomplete_expiry":{"instruction_type":"error","instruction_message":"The card's expiration date is incomplete."},"incomplete_zip":{"instruction_type":"error","instruction_message":"The card's zip code is incomplete."},"expired_card":{"instruction_type":"error","instruction_message":"The card has expired."},"incorrect_cvc":{"instruction_type":"error","instruction_message":"The card's security code is incorrect."},"incorrect_zip":{"instruction_type":"error","instruction_message":"The card's zip code failed validation."},"invalid_expiry_year_past":{"instruction_type":"error","instruction_message":"The card's expiration year is in the past"},"card_declined":{"instruction_type":"error","instruction_message":"The card was declined."},"missing":{"instruction_type":"error","instruction_message":"There is no card on a customer that is being charged."},"processing_error":{"instruction_type":"error","instruction_message":"An error occurred while processing the card."},"invalid_request_error":{"instruction_type":"error","instruction_message":"Unable to process this payment, please try again or use alternative method."},"invalid_sofort_country":{"instruction_type":"error","instruction_message":"The billing country is not accepted by SOFORT. Please try another country."}}}},"fetched_oembed_html":false}