Friday, December 17, 2021, marked the thirty-fourth birthday of the Perl programming language, and coincidentally this year saw the release of version 5.34. There are plenty of Perl developers out there who haven’t kept up with recent (and not-so-recent) improvements to the language and its ecosystem, so I thought I might list a batch. (You may have seen some of these before in May’s post “Perl can do that now!”)
Perl v5.10 was released in December 2007, and with it came feature, a way of enabling new syntax without breaking backward compatibility. You can enable individual features by name (e.g., use feature qw(say fc); for the say and fc keywords), or by using a feature bundle based on the Perl version that introduced them. For example, the following:
use feature ':5.34';
…gives you the equivalent of:
use feature qw(bareword_filehandles bitwise current_sub evalbytes fc indirect multidimensional postderef_qq say state switch unicode_eval unicode_strings);
Boy, that’s a mouthful. Feature bundles are good. The corresponding bundle also gets implicitly loaded if you specify a minimum required Perl version, e.g., with use v5.32;. If you use v5.12; or higher, strict mode is enabled for free. So just say:
use v5.34;
And lastly, one-liners can use the -E switch instead of -e to enable all features for that version of Perl, so you can say the following on the command line:
perl -E 'say "Hello world!"'
Instead of:
perl -e 'print "Hello world!\n"'
Which is great when you’re trying to save some typing.
Sometimes new Perl features need to be driven a couple of releases around the block before their behavior settles. Those experiments are documented in the perlexperiment page, and usually, you need both a use feature (see above) and no warnings statement to safely enable them. Or you can simply pass a list to use experimental of the features you want, e.g.:
As the relevant Perl::Critic policy says, “Using warnings, and paying attention to what they say, is probably the single most effective way to improve the quality of your code.” If you must violate warnings (perhaps because you’re rehabilitating some legacy code), you can isolate such violations to a small scope and individual categories. Check out the strictures module on CPAN if you’d like to go further and make a safe subset of these categories fatal during development.
Not every new bit of Perl syntax is enabled with a feature guard. For the rest, there’s E. Choroba’s Syntax::Construct module on CPAN. Rather than having to remember which version of Perl introduced what, Syntax::Construct lets you declare only what you use and provides a helpful error message if someone tries to run your code on an older unsupported version. Between it and the feature pragma, you can prevent many head-scratching moments and give your users a chance to either upgrade or workaround.
Make built-in functions throw exceptions with autodie
Many of Perl’s built-in functions only return false on failure, requiring the developer to check every time whether a file can be opened or a system command executed. The lexical autodie pragma replaces them with versions that raise an exception with an object that can be interrogated for further details. No matter how many functions or methods deep a problem occurs, you can choose to catch it and respond appropriately. This leads us to…
Perl v5.12 also helped reduce clutter by enabling a package namespace declaration to also include a version number, instead of requiring a separate our $VERSION = ...; v5.14 further refined packages to be specified in code blocks, so a namespace declaration can be the same as a lexical scope. Putting the two together gives you:
package Local::NewHotness v1.2.3 {
...
}
Instead of:
{
package Local::OldAndBusted;
use version 0.77; our $VERSION = version->declare("v1.2.3");
...
}
I know which I’d rather do. (Though you may want to also use Syntax::Construct qw(package-version package-block); to help along with older installations as described above.)
Speaking of variables, ever want one to keep its old value the next time a scope is entered, like in a sub? Declare it with state instead of my. Before Perl v5.10, you needed to use a closure instead.
Perl v5.10’s bumper crop of enhancements also included the say function, which handles the common use case of printing a string or list of strings with a newline. It’s less noise in your code and saves you four characters. What’s not to love?
The ... ellipsis statement (colloquially “yada-yada”) gives you an easy placeholder for yet-to-be-implemented code. It parses OK but will throw an exception if executed. Hopefully, your test coverage (or at least static analysis) will catch it before your users do.
The each, keys, and values functions have always been able to operate on hashes. Perl v5.12 and above make them work on arrays, too. The latter two are mainly for consistency, but you can use each to iterate over an array’s indices and values at the same time:
push @$array_ref, 1, 2, 3; # noisy
push @{$array_ref}, 1, 2, 3; # a little easier
push $array_ref->@*, 1, 2, 3; # read from left to right
So much of web development is slinging around and picking apart complicated data structures via JSON, so I welcome anything like this to reduce the cognitive load.
Sometimes in older object-oriented Perl code, you’ll see use base as a pragma to establish inheritance from another class. Older still is the direct manipulation of the package’s special @ISA array. In most cases, both should be avoided in favor of use parent, which was added to core in Perl v5.10.1.
$my_object->isa('Local::MyClass')
# or
$my_object isa Local::MyClass
The latter can take either a bareword class name or string expression, but more importantly, it’s safer as it also returns false if the left argument is undefined or isn’t a blessed object reference. The older isa() method will throw an exception in the former case and might return true if called as a class method when $my_object is actually a string of a class name that’s the same as or inherits from isa()’s argument.
I’ve written and presentedextensively about signatures and alternatives over the past year, so I won’t repeat that here. I’ll just add that the Perl 5 Porters development mailing list has been making a concerted effort over the past month to hash out the remaining issues towards rendering this feature non-experimental. The popular Mojolicious real-time web framework also provides a shortcut for enabling signatures and uses them extensively in examples.
Indented here-documents with <<~
Perl has had shell-style “here-document” syntax for embedding multi-line strings of quoted text for a long time. Starting with Perl v5.26, you can precede the delimiting string with a ~ character and Perl will both allow the ending delimiter to be indented as well as strip indentation from the embedded text. This allows for much more readable embedded code such as runs of HTML and SQL. For example:
if ($do_query) {
my $rows_deleted = $dbh->do(<<~'END_SQL', undef, 42);
DELETE FROM table
WHERE status = ?
END_SQL
say "$rows_deleted rows were deleted.";
}
More readable chained comparisons
When I learned math in school, my teachers and textbooks would often describe multiple comparisons and inequalities as a single expression. Unfortunately, when it came time to learn programming every computer language I saw required them to be broken up with a series of and (or &&) operators. With Perl v5.32, this is no more:
if ( $x < $y && $y <= $z ) { ... } # old way
if ( $x < $y <= $z ) { ... } # new way
It’s more concise, less noisy, and more like what regular math looks like.
Self-documenting named regular expression captures
Perl’s expressive regular expression matching and text-processing prowess are legendary, although overuse and poor use of readability enhancements often turn people away from them (and Perl in general). We often use regexps for extracting data from a matched pattern. For example:
if ( /Time: (..):(..):(..)/ ) { # parse out values
say "$1 hours, $2 minutes, $3 seconds";
}
if ( /Time: (?<hours>..):(?<minutes>..):(?<seconds>..)/ ) {
say "$+{hours} hours, $+{minutes} minutes, $+{seconds} seconds";
}
More readable regexp character classes
The /x regular expression modifier already enables better readability by telling the parser to ignore most whitespace, allowing you to break up complicated patterns into spaced-out groups and multiple lines with code comments. With Perl v5.26 you can specify /xx to also ignore spaces and tabs inside [bracketed] character classes, turning this:
s/foo/bar/; # changes the first foo to bar in $_
$baz =~ s/foo/bar/; # the same but in $baz
But what if you want to leave the original untouched, such as when processing an array of strings with a map? With Perl v5.14 and above, add the /r flag, which makes the substitution on a copy and returns the result:
Unicode and character encoding in general are complicated beasts. Perl has handled Unicode since v5.6 and has kept pace with fixes and support for updated standards in the intervening decades. If you need to test if two strings are equal regardless of case, use the fc function introduced in Perl v5.16.
Safer processing of file arguments with <<>>
The <> null filehandle or “diamond operator” is often used in while loops to process input per line coming either from standard input (e.g., piped from another program) or from a list of files on the command line. Unfortunately, it uses a form of Perl’s open function that interprets special characters such as pipes (|) that would allow it to insecurely run external commands. Using the <<>> “double diamond” operator introduced in Perl v5.22 forces open to treat all command-line arguments as file names only. For older Perls, the perlop documentation recommends the ARGV::readonly CPAN module.
Safer loading of Perl libraries and modules from @INC
To bootstrap access to CPAN on the web in the possible absence of external tools like curl or wget, Perl v5.14 began including the HTTP::Tiny module. You can also use it in your programs if you need a simple web client with no dependencies.
Test2: The next generation of Perl testing frameworks
Forked and refactored from the venerable Test::Builder (the basis for the Test::More library that many are familiar with), Test2 was included in the core module library beginning with Perl v5.26. I’ve experimented recently with using the Test2::SuiteCPAN library instead of Test::More and it looks pretty good. I’m also intrigued by Test2::Harness’ support for threading, forking, and preloading modules to reduce test run times.
Task::Kensho: Where to start for recommended Perl modules
This last item may not be included when you install Perl, but it’s where I turn for a collection of well-regarded CPAN modules for accomplishing a wide variety of common tasks spanning from asynchronous programming to XML. Use it as a starting point or interactively select the mix of libraries appropriate to your project.
And there you have it: a selection of 34 features, enhancements, and improvements for the first 34 years of Perl. What’s your favorite? Did I miss anything? Let me know in the comments.
Inspired by my parents coming to visit at the end of the week, I thought I’d write about how Perl classes can have “parents” as well, from which they inherit methods. Although it might seem on the surface as though there’s more than one way to do it, these techniques all share the same underlying mechanism.
Perl classes are just repurposed packages, i.e., a namespace for variables and subroutines. The two key differences are:
Subroutines may expect either an object reference or the name of a class as their first argument.
When you call a method that isn’t defined in a class, Perl will search through the special @ISA array in the package for the name of a class that has that method. (You can change the search order with the mro (method resolution order) pragma.)
If you wanted to do everything by hand at the lowest level, you could make a subclass at compile time like this:
package Local::MyChildClass;
BEGIN { # don't do this:
require Local::MyParentClass;
push @ISA, 'Local::MyParentClass';
}
use base 'Local::MyParentClass'; # don't do this unless you're also using fields
You might see use base in older code especially if it’s also using the fields pragma. However, Perl developers discourage both as the former silences certain module loading errors while the latter is at odds with the object-oriented programming principle of encapsulation.
A couple of years ago my Newfold Digital colleague David Oswald created a fork of parent called parent::versioned that supports specifying the lowest version for superclasses. You call it like this:
use parent::versioned ['Local::MyParentClass' => 1.23];
Within an OO system
There are dozens of object-oriented programming systems on CPAN that provide syntactic sugar and extra features to Perl’s minimal but flexible basics. Two of the more popular ones, Moose and Moo, offer an extends keyword that you should use instead of use parent so that your subclasses may take advantage of their features:
package Local::MyChildClass;
use Moo;
extends 'Local::MyParentClass';
Moose can also specify a required superclass version:
package Local::MyChildClass;
use Moose;
extends 'Local::MyParentClass' => {-version => 1.23};
Also, use the MooseX::NonMoose module when extending non-Moose classes, again so you get Moose features even though your methods are coming from somewhere else:
package Local::MyMooseClass;
use Moose;
use MooseX::NonMoose;
extends 'Local::MyPlainParentClass';
The experimental Object::Pad module specifies a single superclass while defining the class name with an optional version. Per the author’s suggested file layout, including a required minimum version, it would look like:
use Object::Pad 0.41;
package Local::MyChildClass;
class Local::MyChildClass isa Local::MyParentClass 1.23;
Object::Pad and Corinna, its inspiration, are works in progress so this syntax isn’t set in stone. The latter’s designer Curtis “Ovid” Poe blogged earlier this week about considering a more self-consistent syntax.
To quote the Perl documentation, “multiple inheritance often indicates a design problem, but Perl always gives you enough rope to hang yourself with if you ask for it.” All the techniques described above except for Object::Pad support multiple inheritance by specifying a list of superclasses. For example:
package Local::MyChildClass;
use parent qw(Local::MyParentClass1 Local::MyParentClass2);
If you’re using roles instead of or on top of superclasses (I’ve seen both situations) and your OO system doesn’t support them on its own, you can use the Role::Tiny module, first by describing your role in one package and then consuming it in another:
package Local::DoesSomething;
use Role::Tiny;
...
1;
package Local::MyConsumer;
use Role::Tiny::With;
with 'Local::DoesSomething';
...
1;
Moo::Role uses Role::Tiny under the hood and Moo can compose roles from either. The syntax for both Moo and Moose is similar:
package Local::DoesSomething;
use Moo::Role; # or "use Moose::Role;"
...
1;
package Local::MyConsumer;
use Moo; # or "use Moose;"
with 'Local::DoesSomething';
...
1;
Object::Pad specifies roles with the role keyword, and both classes and roles use does to consume them:
use Object::Pad 0.56;
package Local::DoesSomething;
role Local::DoesSomething does Local::DoesSomethingElse;
...
1;
use Object::Pad 0.56;
package Local::MyConsumer;
class Local::MyConsumer does Local::DoesSomething;
...
1;
The previous caveat about possible changes to this syntax applies.
Like parent, (sort of) like child
Of course, the whole point of inheritance or role consumption is so your child or consumer class can reuse functions and methods. Each of the techniques above has its ways of overriding that code, from the Perl built-in SUPER pseudo-class to Moose’s override and super keywords, to Moose’s and Moo’s method modifiers. (You can use the latter outside of Moo since it’s provided by Class::Method::Modifiers.)
I’ve written about choosing between overriding and modifying methods before, and when it comes to Moose and Moo code I’m now on the side of using the around method modifier if a method needs to call an inherited or consumed method of the same name. Object::Pad doesn’t have method modifiers (yet), so classes that use it will have to satisfy themselves with SUPER in their methods with an :override attribute that will throw an error if a parent doesn’t also provide the same method.
The Parent Wrap
In the end, your choice of Perl OO system will determine how (or whether) you handle inheritance and may even be a deciding factor. Which would you choose? And more importantly, have I made my parents proud with this post?
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Choose any currency."},"invalid_curency":{"instruction_type":"error","instruction_message":"Please choose a valid currency."}},"recurring":{"placeholder_text":"Recurring","initial":{"instruction_type":"normal","instruction_message":"How often would you like to give this?"},"success":{"instruction_type":"success","instruction_message":"How often would you like to give this?"},"empty":{"instruction_type":"error","instruction_message":"How often would you like to give this?"}},"name":{"placeholder_text":"Name on Credit Card","initial":{"instruction_type":"normal","instruction_message":"What is the name on your credit card?"},"success":{"instruction_type":"success","instruction_message":"Enter the name on your card."},"empty":{"instruction_type":"error","instruction_message":"Please enter the name on your card."}},"privacy_policy":{"terms_title":"Terms and conditions","terms_body":null,"terms_show_text":"View Terms","terms_hide_text":"Hide Terms","initial":{"instruction_type":"normal","instruction_message":"I agree to the terms."},"unchecked":{"instruction_type":"error","instruction_message":"Please agree to the terms."},"checked":{"instruction_type":"success","instruction_message":"I agree to the terms."}},"email":{"placeholder_text":"Your email address","initial":{"instruction_type":"normal","instruction_message":"What is your email address?"},"success":{"instruction_type":"success","instruction_message":"Enter your email address"},"blank":{"instruction_type":"error","instruction_message":"Enter your email address"},"not_an_email_address":{"instruction_type":"error","instruction_message":"Make sure you have entered a valid email address"}},"note_with_tip":{"placeholder_text":"Your note here...","initial":{"instruction_type":"normal","instruction_message":"Attach a note to your tip (optional)"},"empty":{"instruction_type":"normal","instruction_message":"Attach a note to your tip (optional)"},"not_empty_initial":{"instruction_type":"normal","instruction_message":"Attach a note to your tip (optional)"},"saving":{"instruction_type":"normal","instruction_message":"Saving note..."},"success":{"instruction_type":"success","instruction_message":"Note successfully saved!"},"error":{"instruction_type":"error","instruction_message":"Unable to save note note at this time. Please try again."}},"email_for_login_code":{"placeholder_text":"Your email address","initial":{"instruction_type":"normal","instruction_message":"Enter your email to log in."},"success":{"instruction_type":"success","instruction_message":"Enter your email to log in."},"blank":{"instruction_type":"error","instruction_message":"Enter your email to log in."},"empty":{"instruction_type":"error","instruction_message":"Enter your email to log in."}},"login_code":{"initial":{"instruction_type":"normal","instruction_message":"Check your email and enter the login code."},"success":{"instruction_type":"success","instruction_message":"Check your email and enter the login code."},"blank":{"instruction_type":"error","instruction_message":"Check your email and enter the login code."},"empty":{"instruction_type":"error","instruction_message":"Check your email and enter the login code."}},"stripe_all_in_one":{"initial":{"instruction_type":"normal","instruction_message":"Enter your credit card details here."},"empty":{"instruction_type":"error","instruction_message":"Enter your credit card details here."},"success":{"instruction_type":"normal","instruction_message":"Enter your credit card details here."},"invalid_number":{"instruction_type":"error","instruction_message":"The card number is not a valid credit card number."},"invalid_expiry_month":{"instruction_type":"error","instruction_message":"The card's expiration month is invalid."},"invalid_expiry_year":{"instruction_type":"error","instruction_message":"The card's expiration year is invalid."},"invalid_cvc":{"instruction_type":"error","instruction_message":"The card's security code is invalid."},"incorrect_number":{"instruction_type":"error","instruction_message":"The card number is incorrect."},"incomplete_number":{"instruction_type":"error","instruction_message":"The card number is incomplete."},"incomplete_cvc":{"instruction_type":"error","instruction_message":"The card's security code is incomplete."},"incomplete_expiry":{"instruction_type":"error","instruction_message":"The card's expiration date is incomplete."},"incomplete_zip":{"instruction_type":"error","instruction_message":"The card's zip code is incomplete."},"expired_card":{"instruction_type":"error","instruction_message":"The card has expired."},"incorrect_cvc":{"instruction_type":"error","instruction_message":"The card's security code is incorrect."},"incorrect_zip":{"instruction_type":"error","instruction_message":"The card's zip code failed validation."},"invalid_expiry_year_past":{"instruction_type":"error","instruction_message":"The card's expiration year is in the past"},"card_declined":{"instruction_type":"error","instruction_message":"The card was declined."},"missing":{"instruction_type":"error","instruction_message":"There is no card on a customer that is being charged."},"processing_error":{"instruction_type":"error","instruction_message":"An error occurred while processing the card."},"invalid_request_error":{"instruction_type":"error","instruction_message":"Unable to process this payment, please try again or use alternative method."},"invalid_sofort_country":{"instruction_type":"error","instruction_message":"The billing country is not accepted by SOFORT. Please try another country."}}}},"fetched_oembed_html":false}